The third generation of Fujifilm's acclaimed compact mirrorless series emerged in February 2019, representing a sophisticated evolution in portable camera technology. This remarkable imaging device incorporates advanced features derived from its professional sibling while maintaining accessibility for both aspiring photographers and seasoned enthusiasts. Following extensive field testing across diverse shooting conditions, this comprehensive evaluation examines every aspect of this compelling camera system.
Technical Specifications and Core Architecture
The X-T30 incorporates Fujifilm's cutting-edge fourth-generation 26.1-megapixel X-Trans CMOS 4 sensor technology, featuring an APS-C back-illuminated design that maximizes light-gathering efficiency. This advanced imaging sensor works in conjunction with the powerful quad-core X-Processor 4 engine, delivering unprecedented processing capabilities within this compact form factor.
This sophisticated processing architecture enables remarkable burst shooting performance, achieving up to 8 frames per second using the mechanical shutter system. When utilizing the electronic shutter with 1.25x crop mode engagement, the camera reaches extraordinary speeds of 30 frames per second, positioning it among the fastest cameras in its category.
The sensor dimensions measure 23.5 x 15.6 millimeters, providing a 1.5x crop factor relative to full-frame sensors. This configuration delivers native image resolution of 6240 x 4160 pixels, offering exceptional detail capture for both still photography and video applications. The native ISO sensitivity range extends from 160 to 12,800, with expanded settings available at 80, 100, 125, 25,600, and 51,200.
Video capabilities represent a standout feature, supporting 4K recording in both UHD and DCI formats with 17:9 aspect ratio options. The camera performs 6K to 4K downsampling with full pixel readout, ensuring exceptional video quality. Advanced features include F-Log recording capability and 4:2:2 10-bit output through the HDMI connection, specifications typically reserved for significantly more expensive professional cameras.
The autofocus system incorporates 2.16 million on-sensor phase detection pixels distributed across the entire sensor area, providing comprehensive coverage and exceptional tracking accuracy. This sophisticated system delivers remarkable performance in challenging lighting conditions, with low-light sensitivity extending to -3EV.
Built around a durable magnesium alloy construction complemented by high-grade polymer components, the camera maintains exceptional build quality while achieving a remarkably light weight of just 333 grams excluding battery and memory card. The single SD card slot supports SD, SDHC, and SDXC formats with UHS-I compatibility.
The electronic viewfinder features a 2.36-million-dot OLED display providing clear, detailed composition assistance. The rear LCD incorporates a 3.0-inch touchscreen with 1.04 million dots, offering intuitive operation and excellent visibility under various lighting conditions.
Comparative Analysis with Professional X-T3 Model
Understanding the relationship between the X-T30 and its professional counterpart reveals the strategic positioning and value proposition of this compact camera. Both models share identical sensor and processor architecture, delivering comparable image quality and processing performance despite significant price differentiation.
The fundamental distinctions emerge in ergonomic design, environmental protection, and professional-oriented features. The X-T3 incorporates comprehensive weather sealing to withstand challenging environmental conditions, while the X-T30 prioritizes portability and accessibility over environmental protection. This design philosophy makes the X-T30 ideal for controlled shooting environments and situations where portability supersedes ruggedness.
Ergonomic differences reflect the distinct target audiences for each model. The X-T3 features a substantially larger grip designed for extended professional use, while the X-T30 adopts a more compact profile suitable for casual shooting and travel applications. Users with larger hands may find the X-T30's grip somewhat cramped during extended shooting sessions.
The electronic viewfinder represents another significant differentiation point. The X-T3 incorporates a premium 3.69-million-dot EVF with 0.75x magnification, providing superior clarity and detail compared to the X-T30's 2.36-million-dot unit with 0.62x magnification. However, the X-T30's EVF features a larger, more comfortable eyecup that some users may prefer for extended viewing.
LCD screen functionality differs between models, with the X-T3 offering a fully articulating display capable of tilting vertically and horizontally. The X-T30 features a simpler tilting mechanism limited to up-and-down movement, though this proves adequate for most shooting scenarios.
Storage capabilities favor the professional model, with the X-T3 incorporating dual UHS-II compatible memory card slots compared to the X-T30's single UHS-I slot. This difference impacts both storage capacity and write speed performance, particularly relevant for high-speed burst shooting and 4K video recording.
Continuous shooting performance reflects these storage limitations, with the X-T3 achieving 11 frames per second mechanically compared to the X-T30's 8 fps capability. However, both cameras match electronic shutter performance in their highest speed modes.
Video specifications reveal subtle but important distinctions. The X-T3 supports 4K recording at up to 60 frames per second with internal 4:2:0 10-bit recording, while the X-T30 limits 4K recording to 30 fps with 10-bit output available only through external HDMI recording.
The X-T3's expandability includes battery grip compatibility and additional programmable controls, features absent from the more streamlined X-T30 design. These differences reflect the distinct operational philosophies underlying each model's development.
Evolution from Previous X-T20 Generation
The progression from X-T20 to X-T30 represents substantial technological advancement while maintaining design continuity. The most significant improvements center on processing power, autofocus performance, and video capabilities.
Sensor technology advancement from third to fourth generation brings enhanced resolution, improved high-ISO performance, and superior dynamic range characteristics. The base ISO improvement from 200 to 160 provides additional flexibility in optimal lighting conditions.
Autofocus system enhancements deliver transformative performance improvements. Processing speed increases of 150% compared to the X-T20 translate to more responsive focusing and improved tracking accuracy. The total autofocus point count expands from 325 to 425, with phase-detection coverage extending from 91 to 117 points.
Coverage area represents perhaps the most significant autofocus improvement, with the X-T30 extending phase-detection capability across the entire sensor width rather than the center-concentrated pattern of the X-T20. This enhancement proves particularly valuable for off-center subject composition and tracking applications.
Face and eye detection capabilities receive substantial upgrades, with continuous tracking now available during video recording. This functionality represents a significant advancement for content creators and videographers working with human subjects.
Low-light autofocus sensitivity improvements extend the operational range to -3EV from the X-T20's +0.5EV limitation, dramatically expanding shooting possibilities in challenging lighting conditions.
Electronic shutter performance differences become apparent in high-speed applications. While both cameras achieve 8 fps mechanically, the X-T30 reaches 20 fps electronically with standard mode and 30 fps in crop mode, compared to the X-T20's 14 fps maximum. The X-T30 also eliminates the blackout effect present in the X-T20 during electronic shutter operation.
Film simulation modes expand with the X-T30, providing additional creative options for in-camera processing. These modes reflect Fujifilm's continued development of its distinctive color science and aesthetic processing algorithms.
Video recording capabilities receive comprehensive upgrades. The X-T30 supports 4:2:2 10-bit external recording and 4:2:0 8-bit internal recording, compared to the X-T20's 8-bit limitation. Full pixel readout replaces the X-T20's line-skipping approach, resulting in superior video quality and reduced moiré artifacts.
DCI format support adds professional video options with 17:9 aspect ratio capability. High-frame-rate recording extends to 120 fps in Full HD compared to the X-T20's 60 fps limitation, providing enhanced slow-motion capabilities.
Audio monitoring capability through headphone connection represents another professional-oriented enhancement absent from the X-T20.
Construction Quality and Physical Design Philosophy
Fujifilm maintains its commitment to exceptional build quality and aesthetic refinement throughout the X-T30's construction. The magnesium alloy chassis provides structural integrity while maintaining the remarkably light 333-gram weight characteristic of this series.
The manufacturing precision evident in component fitment and surface finishing reflects Fujifilm's attention to detail and commitment to premium construction standards. All control elements operate with precise tactile feedback, contributing to the camera's professional feel despite its compact dimensions.
Color options include traditional black and silver finishes alongside a distinctive charcoal variant that has garnered considerable aesthetic appreciation. The charcoal finish provides a sophisticated alternative that distinguishes the camera from conventional black or silver options while maintaining professional appearance standards.
Material selection balances durability with weight considerations, utilizing high-grade polymers for specific components while maintaining magnesium alloy construction for structural elements. This approach achieves optimal weight distribution and handling characteristics within the compact form factor constraints.
The absence of environmental sealing represents a conscious design decision prioritizing portability and cost efficiency over all-weather capability. Users requiring environmental protection should consider the weather-sealed X-T3 or accept operational limitations in challenging conditions.
Ergonomic Assessment and Handling Characteristics
Physical handling characteristics significantly influence the practical shooting experience, particularly during extended use periods. The X-T30's compact dimensions create both advantages and limitations depending on user preferences and shooting requirements.
Hand grip design accommodates smaller hands effectively while presenting challenges for users with larger hands. The grip depth and width provide adequate purchase for most users, though extended shooting sessions may require additional support accessories.
Control layout maintains Fujifilm's distinctive dial-centric approach, placing primary exposure controls on the camera's top surface. This design philosophy provides direct access to essential settings without menu navigation, enhancing operational efficiency.
The dedicated exposure compensation dial, shutter speed dial, and ISO dial enable rapid setting adjustments while maintaining visual confirmation of current values. This approach proves particularly valuable for photographers transitioning from traditional film cameras or those preferring tactile control interfaces.
Button placement generally follows ergonomic principles, with most frequently accessed controls positioned within easy reach of the shooting grip. However, some secondary controls may require hand repositioning during operation.
Significant Design Modifications and User Interface Changes
The most controversial modification in the X-T30 involves the replacement of the traditional four-way directional pad with a single joystick control. This change fundamentally alters navigation methodology and user interaction patterns.
The joystick implementation reduces the total number of directly programmable controls available to users. Previously, each directional pad button could be assigned specific functions, providing four additional customizable controls. The joystick consolidates these functions into a single multidirectional input device.
Navigation precision presents potential challenges, particularly when using the camera while wearing gloves or in challenging environmental conditions. The four-way pad's discrete button operation provided more predictable input registration compared to the joystick's analog-style operation.
Menu navigation efficiency may be compromised by the joystick implementation, as directional inputs require more precise control to avoid unintended selections. This consideration becomes particularly relevant during rapid setting adjustments or when operating the camera without direct visual confirmation.
The reduced programmable button count limits customization options for users who prefer extensive control personalization. Advanced users may find the streamlined control layout restrictive compared to more customizable camera systems.
However, autofocus point selection benefits from the joystick implementation, providing smooth and intuitive positioning control during composition. This application represents the primary intended advantage of the joystick design.
Additional interface modifications include repositioning of the Quick menu button to the extended thumb grip area and relocating the Menu/OK button directly beneath the joystick position. These changes reflect the overall interface reorganization required by the joystick implementation.
Electronic Viewfinder and Display System Analysis
The electronic viewfinder represents a critical component for composition and camera operation, particularly in bright lighting conditions where rear LCD visibility may be compromised. The X-T30's 2.36-million-dot OLED EVF provides adequate resolution and refresh rate for most shooting applications.
While the resolution specification trails the premium 3.69-million-dot unit found in the X-T3, practical viewing experience remains satisfactory for composition, focus confirmation, and exposure assessment. The 0.62x magnification factor provides reasonable image size, though users accustomed to larger viewfinders may find it somewhat limiting.
Color accuracy and dynamic range representation through the EVF enable reliable exposure and white balance assessment. The OLED technology provides excellent contrast ratios and color saturation, contributing to accurate composition preview.
Refresh rate performance proves adequate for following moving subjects and confirming focus acquisition. However, very rapid subject movement may reveal limitations compared to higher-specification viewfinders.
The rear touchscreen LCD incorporates modern capacitive technology with 1.04-million-dot resolution providing sharp image preview and menu interface operation. Touch responsiveness proves reliable and accurate for focus point selection and menu navigation.
Screen brightness adjustment accommodates various lighting conditions, from bright outdoor environments to dimly lit indoor settings. Anti-reflective coating reduces glare and improves visibility under challenging lighting conditions.
The tilting mechanism provides useful flexibility for high and low-angle composition while maintaining reasonable protection when closed. The range of motion accommodates most shooting scenarios without requiring fully articulating complexity.
Autofocus System Performance and Capabilities
The autofocus system represents one of the X-T30's most impressive technological achievements, delivering performance characteristics typically associated with much more expensive professional cameras. The 2.16 million on-sensor phase detection pixels provide exceptional coverage and accuracy across the entire sensor area.
Subject acquisition speed proves remarkably fast under most lighting conditions, with the camera confidently locking onto subjects within fractions of a second. The expanded low-light capability extending to -3EV enables reliable focusing in conditions that challenge many competing cameras.
Tracking performance demonstrates sophistication typically reserved for professional sports and wildlife cameras. Once acquired, moving subjects remain in focus throughout reasonable speed ranges and directional changes.
Face and eye detection algorithms show substantial improvement over previous generations, providing reliable human subject tracking even during video recording. The system successfully maintains focus on subjects moving toward or away from the camera while preserving eye sharpness.
Animal eye detection extends the camera's appeal to wildlife and pet photographers, though performance varies depending on subject size, lighting conditions, and contrast levels.
Continuous autofocus during video recording represents a significant capability enhancement, enabling smooth focus transitions and reliable subject tracking throughout video sequences. This functionality proves particularly valuable for content creators and documentary applications.
Single-point autofocus provides precise control for critical focus applications, while zone and wide-area modes offer flexibility for various shooting scenarios. The extensive customization options allow users to optimize autofocus behavior for specific applications.
Burst Shooting and Buffer Performance
High-speed shooting capabilities position the X-T30 competitively within its market segment, offering professional-level performance for action and sports photography applications. The mechanical shutter's 8 fps rate provides adequate speed for most moving subjects while maintaining full image quality and autofocus accuracy.
Electronic shutter performance extends capabilities dramatically, reaching 20 fps in standard mode and 30 fps with 1.25x crop engagement. These speeds enable capture of extremely rapid sequences that would be impossible with mechanical shutters alone.
Buffer depth proves adequate for reasonable burst sequences, though extended high-speed shooting may eventually require brief pauses for data processing. The single UHS-I memory card slot may represent a limitation for users requiring sustained high-speed operation.
Buffer clearing speed depends significantly on memory card performance characteristics. High-quality UHS-I cards provide reasonable write speeds, though UHS-II compatibility would enhance performance for demanding applications.
The electronic shutter's absence of blackout during operation provides significant advantages for tracking moving subjects, as the viewfinder image remains continuously visible throughout the burst sequence.
Rolling shutter effects may become apparent when using electronic shutter modes with rapidly moving subjects or during camera movement. Understanding these limitations helps users select appropriate shutter modes for specific shooting scenarios.
Video Recording Capabilities and Features
Video functionality extends far beyond typical expectations for cameras in this price category, incorporating professional-level features and recording quality. The 4K recording capability with 6K oversampling ensures exceptional detail and reduced aliasing artifacts.
DCI format support provides professional aspect ratio options for cinema-style recording, while standard UHD format accommodates conventional video applications. The 17:9 aspect ratio capability adds creative flexibility for specific productions.
F-Log recording enables advanced color grading and post-production flexibility, capturing extended dynamic range and color information for professional video workflows. This capability typically requires much more expensive professional cameras.
External 4:2:2 10-bit recording through HDMI provides professional color depth and sampling rates, enabling broadcast-quality video production when combined with external recording devices.
Internal recording limitations to 4:2:0 8-bit represent a reasonable compromise for the camera's positioning and price point, providing excellent quality for most applications while reserving premium specifications for external recording.
High-frame-rate recording capabilities extend to 120 fps in Full HD resolution, enabling dramatic slow-motion effects for creative applications. The range of available frame rates provides flexibility for various creative and technical requirements.
Audio recording options include built-in microphone capability with external microphone input support. Headphone monitoring capability through adapter connection enables professional audio monitoring during recording.
Video autofocus performance demonstrates the advanced focusing system's capabilities, providing smooth and reliable subject tracking throughout recording sequences. The system successfully maintains focus on moving subjects while avoiding the hunting behavior common in many camera systems.
Image Quality Assessment and Processing Characteristics
Image quality represents the fundamental measure of any camera system's success, encompassing resolution, dynamic range, color accuracy, and noise performance across various ISO settings. The X-T30's fourth-generation sensor technology delivers exceptional results that rival much more expensive camera systems.
Resolution performance maximizes the 26.1-megapixel sensor's capabilities, providing sharp detail capture with excellent micro-contrast rendering. The X-Trans color filter array design minimizes moiré artifacts and false color generation while maintaining natural color reproduction.
Dynamic range characteristics prove exceptional, capturing detail in both highlight and shadow regions that enables extensive post-processing flexibility. The sensor's back-illuminated design maximizes light-gathering efficiency while minimizing noise generation.
Color reproduction reflects Fujifilm's renowned expertise in color science, delivering natural skin tones and accurate color representation across various lighting conditions. The extensive film simulation modes provide creative alternatives while maintaining excellent color accuracy.
High-ISO performance extends the camera's versatility into challenging lighting conditions. Noise characteristics remain well-controlled through ISO 3200, with acceptable results extending to ISO 6400 and beyond depending on output requirements.
The advanced noise reduction algorithms balance detail preservation with noise suppression, providing clean images without excessive detail loss. The processing system's sophistication enables aggressive noise reduction when required while maintaining natural image characteristics.
JPEG processing quality eliminates the need for raw file processing in many applications, providing excellent out-of-camera results with comprehensive tone curve and color optimization. The extensive customization options enable users to tailor processing characteristics to specific preferences.
Raw file quality provides exceptional flexibility for post-processing applications, capturing maximum tonal information and color depth for demanding applications. The files respond well to exposure and highlight recovery adjustments while maintaining natural color characteristics.
Battery Life and Power Management
Battery performance significantly impacts practical shooting capability, particularly during extended sessions or travel applications where charging opportunities may be limited. The X-T30's compact form factor necessitates a correspondingly small battery that provides adequate but not exceptional endurance.
The official rating of 380 shots provides a baseline expectation, though actual performance varies significantly based on shooting style, environmental conditions, and feature utilization. Extensive LCD use, electronic viewfinder operation, and wireless connectivity dramatically reduce battery life.
Cold weather conditions particularly impact battery performance, as lithium-ion chemistry suffers reduced capacity at low temperatures. Users shooting in winter conditions should anticipate reduced battery life and carry multiple spare batteries.
Power management features include sleep modes and automatic shutdown functions that help extend battery life during inactive periods. However, frequent camera activation and shooting reduces the effectiveness of these conservation measures.
The compact battery size enables carrying multiple spare units without significant weight penalty, making extended shooting sessions practical with adequate preparation. The relatively quick charging cycle allows efficient power replenishment during brief breaks.
External power options remain limited due to the camera's compact design priorities, though some third-party accessories provide extended power capability for specific applications.
Memory Card Performance and Storage Considerations
The single SD card slot represents both a cost-saving measure and a practical limitation for certain shooting applications. UHS-I compatibility provides adequate write speeds for most photography applications but may limit performance during extended burst shooting or 4K video recording.
Card selection significantly impacts camera performance, particularly during high-speed burst shooting and video recording applications. High-quality UHS-I cards with fast write speeds prove essential for maximizing the camera's capabilities.
The absence of dual card slots eliminates backup recording capability, requiring users to manage data security through alternative methods. Professional applications may require external backup solutions or more frequent data transfer procedures.
Storage capacity planning becomes critical for video recording applications, as 4K recording generates substantial file sizes that quickly consume available storage space. Users should anticipate higher capacity cards for extensive video work.
File organization features within the camera provide basic sorting capability, though extensive file management typically requires computer-based solutions for optimal efficiency.
Built-in Flash and External Flash Compatibility
The integrated flash system provides basic fill-flash capability for emergency lighting situations, though its limited power output restricts effectiveness to close subjects. The manual pop-up operation provides conscious control over flash deployment.
Flash synchronization speed limitation to 1/180 second represents a significant constraint for flash photography applications, particularly when using flash for outdoor fill applications in bright lighting conditions.
The standard hot shoe design accommodates most third-party flash units and wireless triggers, providing compatibility with extensive flash systems for advanced lighting applications.
TTL flash metering integration provides automatic exposure calculation for compatible flash units, simplifying flash photography operation for users preferring automated exposure systems.
Wireless flash capability depends on external trigger systems or compatible flash units, as the camera lacks built-in wireless flash control functionality.
Lens Compatibility and System Integration
The Fujifilm X-mount system provides access to an extensive range of native lenses covering focal lengths from ultra-wide to super-telephoto applications. The mature lens lineup includes both professional and consumer-oriented options across various price points.
Native lens integration provides optimal performance characteristics including autofocus speed, image stabilization coordination, and optical corrections. The camera's processing system applies lens-specific corrections for vignetting, distortion, and chromatic aberration automatically.
Third-party lens compatibility continues expanding as the X-mount system gains popularity, providing additional options for specialized applications or budget-conscious users.
Adapter availability enables use of legacy lenses from various manufacturers, though functionality may be limited compared to native lens operation. Manual focus operation becomes necessary with most adapted lenses.
The crop sensor format provides effective focal length multiplication of 1.5x compared to full-frame equivalents, affecting both telephoto reach and wide-angle coverage requirements.
Connectivity Features and Modern Integration
Wireless connectivity capabilities enable remote camera control and image transfer through smartphone applications, providing convenient sharing and backup options for modern workflow requirements.
The smartphone application integration allows remote shooting control including exposure settings, focus point selection, and shutter release operation. This functionality proves valuable for self-portraits, group photos, and camera placement in challenging locations.
Image transfer capabilities enable quick sharing of selected images without requiring computer connectivity, streamlining social media sharing and client preview workflows.
The absence of GPS functionality requires external solutions for location tagging applications, though smartphone integration can provide location data through connected applications.
Firmware update capability through memory card installation ensures ongoing feature enhancements and performance improvements throughout the camera's operational life.
Market Positioning and Value Assessment
The X-T30's market positioning balances advanced capabilities with accessibility, providing professional-level features within a consumer-friendly price structure. The $899 MSRP establishes excellent value compared to competing cameras with similar specifications.
Performance characteristics typically associated with much more expensive cameras, particularly video capabilities and autofocus performance, position the X-T30 as an exceptional value proposition for both photography and videography applications.
The compact form factor and light weight provide significant advantages for travel photography, street photography, and applications where discretion and portability take priority over maximum ergonomics.
Target audience encompasses enthusiast photographers seeking advanced capabilities without professional camera complexity, content creators requiring high-quality video features, and users prioritizing portability without sacrificing image quality.
Competitive analysis reveals few cameras offering comparable feature sets within similar price and size constraints, establishing the X-T30 as a standout option within its market segment.
Long-term Ownership Considerations
Firmware support and ongoing development reflect Fujifilm's commitment to extending camera functionality throughout ownership periods. Regular updates have historically added features and improved performance characteristics.
Accessory availability includes various grips, cases, and functional accessories that enhance the camera's capabilities and protection. The mature X-system ecosystem provides extensive third-party support.
Service and support infrastructure provides reliable maintenance and repair services through Fujifilm's established network, ensuring long-term operational capability.
Resale value retention reflects the camera's popularity and Fujifilm's strong brand reputation, providing reasonable investment protection for future upgrades.
User community support through online forums and resources provides extensive knowledge sharing and troubleshooting assistance for optimizing camera performance.
Practical Shooting Experience and Real-World Performance
Extended field testing across diverse shooting conditions reveals the X-T30's practical strengths and limitations in real-world applications. The camera consistently delivers excellent results across various photographic disciplines while maintaining user-friendly operation.
Travel photography applications benefit enormously from the compact dimensions and light weight, enabling extended carrying periods without fatigue. The comprehensive feature set eliminates the need for multiple specialized cameras in most situations.
Street photography applications appreciate the discrete operation and rapid autofocus capabilities, enabling confident capture of fleeting moments without drawing excessive attention.
Portrait photography benefits from the excellent eye detection and tracking capabilities, providing reliable focus accuracy for both formal and candid portrait applications.
Landscape photography applications showcase the exceptional image quality and dynamic range capabilities, though the absence of weather sealing may limit use in challenging environmental conditions.
Event photography applications demonstrate the camera's versatility, though battery life limitations may require careful power management during extended events.
Final Assessment
The Fujifilm X-T30 represents an exceptional achievement in compact camera design, successfully incorporating advanced capabilities typically reserved for much larger and more expensive systems. The combination of excellent image quality, sophisticated autofocus performance, and comprehensive video capabilities within this portable package establishes it as a standout option within the competitive mirrorless camera market.
While certain compromises such as limited weather sealing, single memory card slot, and ergonomic constraints for larger hands must be acknowledged, these limitations pale compared to the camera's extensive capabilities and remarkable value proposition.
The X-T30 succeeds brilliantly as a versatile tool for enthusiast photographers, content creators, and anyone seeking professional-level capabilities without the complexity and expense of full professional camera systems. Its combination of image quality, performance, and portability creates a compelling package that satisfies diverse photographic requirements while remaining accessible to users across various skill levels.
For photographers prioritizing portability, image quality, and advanced features over maximum ergonomics and professional durability, the X-T30 represents an excellent choice that delivers exceptional performance across virtually all photographic applications.